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5 Johanson, R.B. and Menon B.K.V. (2001) Vacuum extraction versus forceps for assisted delivery (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, 2, 2001. Oxford: Update Software
6 Chamberlain, G., Wraight, A. and Crowley, P. (eds.) (1997)Home Births: The Report of the 1994 Confidential Enquiry by the National Birthday Trust Fund Parthenon Publishing Group
7 Downe, S., McCormick, C. and Beech, B. Labour interventions associated with normal birth. Br J Midwifery 2001;9:602-6.
8 Hodnett, E.D. (2001) Continuity of caregivers for care during pregnancy and childbirth (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, 4, 2003. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
9 Hodnett, E.D., Gates, S., Hofmeyr, G.J and Sakala, C. (2003) Continuous support for women during childbirth (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, 4, 2003. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
10 Singh D. and Newburn M. (2000) Access to Maternity Information and Support: The Experiences and Needs of Women Before and After Giving Birth, National Childbirth Trust
11 MIDIRS (2003) Support in Labour. Informed Choice for Professional Leaflet 1.
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13 Drife, J. (1999) Data on babies' safety during hospital births are being ignored BMJ 1999;319:1008
14 Bastian, H., Keirse, M.J.N.C. and Lancaster, P.A.L (1998) Perinatal death associated with planned home birth in Australia: population based study BMJ 1998;317:384-388
15 Thomas, P. (1998) Choosing a Home Birth AIMS pp8-9
16 Northern Region Perinatal Mortality Group (1996) Collaborative survey of perinatal loss in planned and unplanned home births BMJ 1996;313:1306-1309
17 Enkin, M., Keirse, M.J.N.C., Neilson, J., Crowther, C., Duley, L., Hodnett, E. and Hofmeyr, J. (2000) A guide to effective care in pregnancy and childbirth Oxford University Press, 3rd Edition
18 Wiegers, T.A., Keirse, M. J., van der Zee, J. and Berghs, G.A.H.(1996) Outcome of planned home and planned hospital births in low risk pregnancies: prospective study in midwifery practices in the Netherlands BMJ 1996;313:1309-1313
19 Ackermann-Liebrich, U., Voegeli, T., Gunter-Witt, K., Kunz, I., Zullig, M., Schindler, C. and Maurer, M. (1996) Home versus hospital deliveries: follow up study of matched pairs for procedures and outcome BMJ 1996;313:1313-1318
20 World Health Organisation (1985) Appropriate Technologies for Birth, Lancet 2:436-37
21 The Information Centre for Health and Social Care. HES Records. Subject to copyright © 2011, re-used with the permission of The Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Note: The English data on our website for years 2004-05 to 2010-11 have been calculated by BirthChoiceUK using HES data provided by the Information Centre. Official statistics are available at: www.ic.nhs.uk.
22 Information and Statistics Division, Scotland (2011) Births in Scottish Hospitals, year ending 31 March 2010 Available at: http://www.isdscotland.org/Health-Topics/Maternity-and-Births/Births [Last accessed November 2008]
23 Maternity Statistics, Wales: Method of Delivery, 2001-2011 www.wales.gov.uk. Additional reports at www.statswales.wales.gov.uk;
24 Year 2001 Report, Northern Ireland Perinatal Information Project
25 Gupta, J.K. and Nikodem, V.C. (2001) Women's position during second stage of labour (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, 4, 2003. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
26 MIDIRS (2003) Positions in Labour and Delivery. Informed Choice for Professional Leaflet 5.
27 Hodnett, E.D. (2001) Home-like versus conventional institutional settings for birth (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, 4, 2003. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
28 Llewelyn, S.and Osborne, K. (1990) Women's Lives Routledge
29 World Health Organisation (1997) Care in Normal Birth WHO WHO/FRH/MSM/96.24
30 Beech, B.A. (1997) Normal Birth - Does it exist? AIMS Journal. Vol. 9 No 2 (4-8)
31 Tucker, G. (1996) The National Childbirth Trust of Pregnancy, Birth and Parenthood London: NCT
32 Kitzinger, S. (1990) Episiotomy, Body Image and Sex Ch. 12 in Kitzinger, S. and Simkin, P. (eds.) Episiotomy and the Second Stage of Labour. Pennypress inc. 2nd edition.
33 Johanson, R.B., Wilkinson, P., Bastible, A. et al. (1993) Health after Childbirth: a comparison of normal and assisted delivery. Midwifery 9:161-168
34 Cohen, N.W., Estner, L.J. (1983) Silent Knife: Caesarean Prevention and vaginal Birth after Caesarean Bergin and Garvey: New York
35 Odent, M. (1984) Birth Reborn Fontana
36 Comport, M. (1990) Surviving Motherhood Ashgrove Press, Bath 2nd edition
37 Dalton, K., Holton, W. (1996) Depression after Childbirth Oxford University Press 3rd edition
38 MIDIRS (2003) Fetal heart rate monitoring in labour. Informed Choice for Professional Leaflet 2.
39 MIDIRS (2003) Breastfeeding or bottle feeding: helping women to choose. Informed Choice for Professional Leaflet 7.
40 Howie, P.W., Forsyth, J.S., Ogston, S.A., Clark, A. and Florey, C. du V.(1990) Protective effect of breast feeding against infection BMJ 1990;300:11-6
41 Wilson, A.C., Forsyth, J.S., Greene, S.A., Irvine, L., Hau, C. and Howie, P.W. (1998) Relation of infant diet to childhood health: seven year follow up of cohort of children in Dundee infant feeding study BMJ 1998; 316: 21-25
42 Duncan, B., Ey, J., Holberg, C.J., Wright, A.L., Martinez, F.D. and Taussig, L.M.(1993) Exclusive breast-feeding for at least 4 months protects against otitis media Pediatrics 1993;91(5):867-72
43 Pisacane, A., Graziano, L., Mazzarella, G., Scarpellino, B. and Zona, G.(1992) Breast-feeding and urinary tract infection J Pediatr 1992;120(1):87-9
44 Lucas, A., Brooke, O.G., Morley, R., Cole, T.J. and Bamford, M.F.(1990) Early diet of preterm infants and development of allergic or atopic disease: randomised prospective study BMJ 1990;300:837-40
45 Heinig, M.J. and Dewey, K.G. (1997) Health effects of breast feeding for mothers: a critical review Nutrition Research Reviews 1997;10:35-36
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47 Lucas, A. and Cole, T.J. (1990) Breast milk and neonatal necrotising enterocolitis Lancet 1990;336:1519-23
48 Philipsen, T. and Jensen, N.H. (1989) Epidural block or parenteral pethidine as analgesic in labour; a randomized study concerning progress in labour and instrumental deliveries Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1989;30:27-33
49 Howell, C.J. (2001) Epidural versus non-epidural analgesia for pain relief in labour (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, 4, 2003. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
50 MIDIRS (2003) The use of epidural analgesia for women in labour Informed Choice for Professional Leaflet 6.
51 Russell, R. and Reynolds, F.(1996) Epidural infusion of low-dose bupivacaine and opioid in labour. Does reducing motor block increase the spontaneous delivery rate? Anaesthesia. 1996;51:266-73
52 United Kingdom Central Council for Nurses, Midwives and Health Visitors (1994) Position Statement on Waterbirths UKCC, 6 October 1994
53 Nikodem, V.C. (2001) Immersion in water in pregnancy, labour and birth (Cochrane Review) In: The Cochrane Library, 4, 2003. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
54 Gilbert, R.E. and Tookey, P.A. (1999) Perinatal mortality and morbidity among babies delivered in water: surveillance study and postal survey BMJ;319:483-7
55 Balskas, J. and Gordon, Y (1990) Waterbirth Unwin
56 Beech, B.A.L. (1998) Choosing a water birth Association for Improvements in Maternity Services
57 National Childbirth Trust (1995) Labour and birth in water NCT
58 Eriksson, M., Mattsson, L.A. and Ladfors, L. (1997) Early or late bath during the first stage of labour: a randomised study of 200 women Midwifery 1997;13:146-8
59 Telfer, F.M. (1997) Anaesthesia and Operative Procedures in Obstetrics Ch.55 in Sweet, B.R. (ed) Mayes' Midwifery. Ballière Tindall 12th Edition
60 Chippington Derrick, D., Lowdon, G. Barlow, F. (1996) Caesarean Birth: your questions answered National Childbirth Trust
61 Hannah, M.E., Hannah, W.J., Hewson, S.A., Hodnett, E.D., Saigal, S. and Willan, A.R. (2000) Planned caesarean section versus planned vaginal birth for breech presentation at term: a randomised multicentre trial Lancet, 2000; 356: 1375-1383
62 Robinson, J (2001) Breech babies - Caesarean or vaginal birth? AIMS Journal Vol. 12 No. 4
63 Lilford, R.J., van Coeverden de Groot, H.A., Moore, P.J. and Bingham, P. (1990) The relative risks of caesarean section (intrapartum and elective) and vaginal delivery: a detailed analysis to exclude the effects of medical disorders and other acute pre-existing physiological disturbances Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1990 Oct;97(10):883-92
64 Morrison, J.J., Rennie, J.M. and Milton P.J. (1995) Neonatal respiratory morbidity and mode of delivery at term: influence of timing of elective caesarean section Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1995;102:101-6
65 Tiran, D. and Mack, S. (1999) Complementary therapies for pregnancy and childbirth WB Saunders 2nd Edition
66 Sutton, J. and Scott, P. (1996) Understanding and Teaching Optimal Foetal Positioning Bay Print Ltd, Tauranga, New Zealand. 2nd Edition
67 Al-Mufti, R., McCarthy, A. and Fisk, N.M. (1996) Obstetricians' personal choice and mode of delivery Lancet 1996;347:544
68 Dickson, M. J. and Willett, M. (1999) Midwives would prefer a vaginal delivery BMJ 319:1008
69 Paterson-Brown, S. (1998) Should doctors perform an elective caesarean section on request? - Yes, as long as the woman is fully informed BMJ 1998;317:462-465
70 Amu O, Rajendran S, Bolaji II (1998) Should doctors perform an elective caesarean section on request? - Maternal choice alone should not determine method of delivery BMJ 1998;317:462-465
71 Hall, J. (2001) Directory of freestanding low-risk maternity units in England Jean Duerden, Yorkshire Consortium of LSAs at Leeds Health Authority
72 Private communications
73 Odent, M. (1999) The Scientification of Love Free Association Books
74 Kitzinger, S. (1989) The Crying Baby Penguin
75 Weston, R. (2001) What is normal childbirth? - the midwife practitioner's view Practising Midwife Vol. 4 No. 6 p.13
76 Nolan, M. (2001) What is normal childbirth? - a consumer perspective Practising Midwife Vol. 4 No. 6 p.15
77 Breastfeeding in Scotland Guthrie Data The Inborn Errors Screening Laboratory, Stobhill Hospital, Glasgow. Available at: http://www.show.scot.nhs.uk/breastfeed/guthrie.htm [Last accessed 10 May 2004]
78 BirthChoiceUK in association with the Department of Health's Statistics Division
79 The National Childbirth Trust. (2002) The NCT Birth Policy London: NCT.
80 Clinical Outcomes Working Group (December 2000), Clinical Outcome Indicators, Page 25 http://www.show.scot.nhs.uk/indicators/Outcomes/OutcomesReport2000.pdf
81 Alison Macfarlane, Miranda Mugford, Jane Henderson Birth Counts: Statistics of Pregnancy and Childbirth, The Stationery Office Books (2000).
82 Mortality Statistics: Childhood, infant and perinatal (Series DH3), http://www.statistics.gov.uk
83 Birth Statistics: Births and patterns of family building England and Wales (FM1), http://www.statistics.gov.uk
84 PERISTAT, Monitoring and Evaluation Perinatal Health, http://europeristat.aphp.fr
85 National Vital Statistics Reports, Volume 52 Number 10, http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/delivery.htm
86 Bayerische Arbeitsgemeinschaft Qualitätssicherung, (Annual Report of the Bavarian Perinatal Survey 2001) http://www.baq-bayern.de
87 Home birth rates have been derived from information collected at birth registration provided to BirthChoiceUK by the Office for National Statistics.
88 Home birth rates have been derived from information collected at birth registration provided to BirthChoiceUK by the General Register Office of Scotland and supplemented by data from the Scottish Multiprofessional Maternity Development Programme. Rates for 1996-98 also originate from the General Register Office of Scotland and are available from Scottish Executive Online
89 Home birth rates have been derived from information collected at birth registration provided to BirthChoiceUK by the General Register Office of Northern Ireland.
90 Breastfeeding Statistics, Wales 2004 and StatWales website.
91 Cost Reference documents: trust-elective-daycases.pdf, trust-elective-FCEs.pdf and trust-non-elective-FCEs.pdf to be found on the DHSPPS website.
92 Maternity Care Working Party (2007) Making normal birth a reality: consensus statement. Available at http://www.rcog.org.uk/womens-health/clinical-guidance/making-normal-birth-reality.
93 Information Centre for Health and Social Care 2011) NHS Maternity Statistics, England: 2010-11 Available at http://www.hesonline.nhs.uk/Ease/servlet/ContentServer?siteID=1937&categoryID=1815.
94 NPEU (2011) Birthplace in England Research Programme. Available at https://www.npeu.ox.ac.uk/birthplace.
95 Davies J, Hey E, Reid W, et al. Prospective regional study of planned home births. BMJ 1996;313(7068):1302-6.
96 Edwards NP. Birthing autonomy: women's experiences of planning home births. London: Routledge; 2005.
97 Dodwell M and Newburn M. (2010) Normal birth as a measure of the quality of care: safety, effectiveness and women's experiences. NCT, London. Available at http://www.nct.org.uk/sites/default/files/related_documents/NormalbirthasameasureofthequalityofcareV3.pdf
98 Symon A., Winter C., Inkester M. et al. Outcomes for births booked under an independent midwife
and births in NHS maternity units: matched comparison study. BMJ 2009; 338: b2060 doi:10.1136/bmj.b2060 Available (by subscription) at http://www.bmj.com/content/338/bmj.b2060
References last updated 1 March 2013